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B. B. S. Singhal ¹, R. P. Mathur ², D. C. Singhal ³, B. S. Mathur ³, V. K. Minocha ¹, A. K. Seth ¹, S. K. Sinha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Roorkee, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, IN
3 Department of Hydrology, University of Roorkee, IN

Abstract

To assess quantitatively the effect of organic load from the Star Paper Mill on the quality of Hindon water, a dissolved oxygen sag model is developed by using Streeter-Phelps equation for a stretch of 7 km down-stream of the paper mill effluent and Hindon confluence. The critical DO deficit and critical time for minimum dissolved oxygen have been computed. The study reveals that severe anaerobic condition prevails in the river between a distance of 2.2 km to 3.6 km from the confluence of Paper Mill effluent with the Hindon river. The sag in dissolved oxygen curve is not fully apparent in the observed model; though the occurrence of reducing condition is correlated by field observations.

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Dc. Singhal ¹, Tn. Roy ², H. Joshi ¹, A. k. Seth ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee - 247 667 (Uttaranchal), IN
2 State Water Investigation & Development Department, (West Bengal), IN

Abstract

Sewage irrigation, without proper treatment can cause groundwater contamination and accumulation of heavy metals and toxic orgamcs in soils and water In Roorkee town of District Handwar (Uttaranchal) the major source of water supply is from groundwater resources for its populace and for industrial uses The ongoing practice of sewage irrigation of crops in the Sahar farms just upstream of Roorkee town seems to have a potential for polluting the shallow groundwater resources of the area through leachate transport from the sewage farms The present study indicates that there is some adverse impact of sewage irrigation on the groundwater quality in the upper aquifer in the vicinity of the waste disposal areas in and around Roorkee town warranting further detailed studies.

Keywords

Groundwater pollution, Sewage irrigation, Groundwater quality, Roorkee, Uttaranchal.

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A. K. Seth ¹, Ankur Bhatnagar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN

Abstract

This paper attempts to provide conclusive evidence of variations in demand behaviour across regions using National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data for India. India is well-suited for such an exercise as it provides a ready segregation of vast geographical area in the form of different states. The importance of household composition is brought out clearly via its influence. On optimal commodity taxes. This is done by recognizing each of the chosen 16 Indian states separately and estimating tax rates for them, while incorporating demographic variables specific to each. The results show considerable variations in not only the estimated tax rates, but also in the demand behavior as revealed by response of tax rates to changes in revenue requirements and changes in a social planner's aversion to inequality. In other words, the estimated tax rates are extremely sensitive to the degree of aversion to inequality and the required revenue; the response of each state to these changing parameters is also non-uniform. Our results reveal that indirect taxes are ineffective in redistributing income in the majority of the states under consideration.

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